GHK-Cu Mechanism of Action

GHK-Cu functions by forming a stable complex with copper(II) ions, which then influences a cascade of cellular events: • Up‑regulates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to remodel extracellular matrix during wound healing. • Stimulates collagen type I, III, and IV gene expression in fibroblasts, leading to increased tensile strength of healed tissue. • Acts as a chemoattractant for macrophages and endothelial cells, accelerating angiogenesis and tissue granulation. • Reduces oxidative stress by activating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, thereby protecting cells from free‑radical damage. • Modulates TGF‑β and TNF‑α pathways, shifting the balance from chronic inflammation to regenerative repair. These properties make GHK-Cu a key compound in studies of skin ageing, post‑injury recovery, and hair follicle biology.